Download PDF
Original Article  |  Open Access  |  24 Apr 2023

Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer

Views: 905 |  Downloads: 772 |  Cited:   0
J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2023;9:13.
10.20517/2394-4722.2022.127 |  © The Author(s) 2023.
Author Information
Article Notes
Cite This Article

Abstract

Aim: High-risk endometrial cancer has a higher risk of regional and distant recurrence. We sought to examine our institutional experience regarding the timing of adjuvant radiotherapy and local failure (LF), locoregional failure (LRF), distant failure (DF), and overall survival (OS).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a database of patients with high-risk endometrial cancer treated with sequential chemotherapy followed by adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with or without brachytherapy from 2012 to 2019.

Results: One hundred thirty-one patients were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 65 (range 32-81). The most prevalent FIGO stages were IIIB (28.2%, n = 37), IIIC1 (19.8%, n = 26), and IIIA (17.6%, n = 23). Of the patients, 29% (n = 38) had positive lymph nodes and 71% (n = 93) had negative lymph nodes. The most prevalent histology was endometrioid (71%, n = 93), serous (12.2%, n = 16), clear cell (9.2%, n = 12), and other (7.6%, n = 10). Moreover, 100% (n = 131) of the patients completed EBRT. The mean EBRT dose was 49.6 Gy (range 45-50.4). The median number of days between surgery and EBRT was 212.4 days (range 103-219). The mean brachytherapy dose was 14.7 Gy (range 12-30). The cumulative incidence of LF was 6.1%, LRF was 19%, DF was 19%, and the median survival was 33.4 months. For patients who completed EBRT 180 days after surgery, LRF (HR 3.55 [1.23-10.2], P = 0.013), LF (HR 1.91 [0.4-8.9], P = 0.429), DF (HR 0.91 [0.41-2], P = 0.806), and OS (HR 0.92 [0.33-2.6], P = 0.87).

Conclusion: In our cohort of patients with high-risk endometrial cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, delaying RT was associated with an increased risk of LRF but no differences in DF or OS.

Keywords

Locally advanced endometrial cancer, high-risk endometrial cancer, adjuvant radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, timing of radiotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy in middle- and high-income countries and the second most common gynecological malignancy in low-income countries, following cervical cancer[1]. High-risk endometrial cancer is more aggressive[2] and has a higher rate of regional and distant metastasis than local recurrence[3,4]. For this reason, multimodal adjuvant therapy has been explored[5]. The role of adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer has been established, demonstrating a decrease in regional relapse[6]. In addition, the benefit of systemic therapy in reducing the risk for DF has been demonstrated in this group of patients[7]. Although different sequencing approaches, such as concomitant, sequential, or “sandwich”, are recommended in relation to adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), the superiority of one over another has not been established[8,9]. Consequently, the optimal timing of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) following surgery and chemotherapy for high-risk endometrial cancer has rarely been studied. We aim to report the clinical implications of delaying adjuvant EBRT after chemotherapy in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer reporting the following outcomes: local failure (LF), locoregional failure (LRF), distant failure (DF), and overall survival (OS). In low- and middle-income countries, access to radiotherapy in public health care centers is limited, and treatment delays can be significant. Hence, a sequential strategy for treating patients with high-risk endometrial cancer seems appropriate, avoiding delays in adjuvant treatment by starting systemic therapy first, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy[10].

METHODS

After receiving approval from the institutional ethics board (R-2022-1301-035), we retrospectively reviewed a database of patients with high-risk endometrial cancer from two cancer centers in Mexico: Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente and Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad 71. Stage IB with high-grade endometrioid histology, stage II, stage III-IVA without residual disease, and non-endometrioid histology regardless of the clinical stage were considered for analysis. Patients received sequential chemotherapy (4-6 cycles) given intravenously 4-6 weeks after surgery, followed by EBRT. Chemotherapy was carboplatin AUC5 and paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 followed by adjuvant EBRT with or without brachytherapy from 2012 to 2019. Given that chemotherapy started 4-6 weeks after surgery, and there were 3 weeks between each chemotherapy cycle, and a 2- to 4-week interval between the adjuvant chemotherapy and the start of EBRT is advisable to avoid unacceptable toxicity, the cutoff for analyzing clinical outcomes was 180 days (the minimum time between surgery and EBRT ranged from 119 to 175 days). The number of fractions and dose of EBRT were determined at the discretion of the treating physician. Commonly the patients were followed every 3 months during the first year after treatment, then every 4 months during the second year, followed by every 4-6 months during the third year and onward. LF was defined as recurrence in the vaginal vault, LRF was defined as any pelvic and/or paraaortic recurrence, and DF was defined as any recurrence outside the pelvis and paraaortic lymph nodes. Relapses were determined by imaging (CT scan or MRI) and biopsy if needed. The probabilities of LF, LRF, and DF from the date of surgery were calculated using the cumulative incidence function. Patients who died without presenting any failure were considered competitive risk events.

Cumulative incidence curves between groups (EBRT: ≤ 180 days or > 180 days) were compared with Gray’s test. Estimated subdistribution hazard ratios (HRs) and their associated 95% confidence intervals were computed with the Fine-Gray proportional subdistribution hazards regression model. Overall survival probabilities from the date of surgery were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier approach. Patients who were alive until September 30, 2021 (last database revision) were considered censored events. Differences between curves (EBRT: ≤180 days or >180 days) were compared with the log-rank test. We used Matlab (R2021b; MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) to refine the data set, and the statistical analysis was done in R version 4.1.2. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The patient selection criteria for the final analysis are described in Figure 1.

Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer

Figure 1. Methodology for selecting patients included in the final LF, LRF, DF, and OS analysis.

RESULTS

The population consisted of 131 patients. Most of the patients were younger than 60 years old (n = 66, 50.4%), followed by 60-70 years old (n = 50, 38.2%). A minority of the patients were older than 70 years (n = 15, 11.4%).

Most of the patients had FIGO stage III disease, with IIIB the most prevalent (28.2%), followed by IIIC1 (19.8%) and IIIA (17.6%); among those with stage III disease, IIIC2 was the least frequent (6.9%). Moreover, 26.7% of the population was in early-stage disease, 16% had stage IB disease, and 10.7% had IIA disease. Only one patient had IIB disease (0.8%).

Regarding nodal status, 71% of patients had a negative nodal status, and 29% had positive nodes. The endometrioid histology was the most frequent (n = 93), followed by serous (n = 16), clear cell (n = 12), mixed (n = 2), and other (n = 8). Ninety patients had lymphovascular invasion, whereas only 41 patients had no lymphovascular invasion. The majority of patients had grade 3 disease (51.2%), followed by grade 2 (36.6%) and grade 1 (12.2%). Most of the population (83.2%) had a 50% or greater invasion grade, and a small group had less than a 50% invasion grade (16.8%). Patient demographic data are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Demographic data classified according to the time elapsed from surgery to EBRT

CharacteristicEBRT ≤ 180 days
(n = 54)
EBRT > 180 days
(n = 77)
P-value
Age at diagnosis (years)0.59
< 60
60-70
> 70
30 (56%)
18 (33%)
6 (11%)
36 (47%)
32 (41.5%)
9 (11.5%)
FIGO0.68
IB
IIA
IIB
IIIA
IIIB
IIIC1
IIIC2
8 (15%)
7 (13%)
0 (0%)
9 (16.5%)
19 (35%)
8 (15%)
3 (5.5%)
13 (17%)
7 (9%)
1 (1%)
14 (18%)
18 (23%)
18 (23%)
6 (8%)
Nodal status14 (26%)24 (31%)0.56
Present40 (74%)53 (69%)
Absent
Histology0.7
Endometrioid
Serous
Clear cell
Mixed
Other
41 (76%)
4 (7%)
5 (9%)
1 (2%)
3 (5.5%)
52 (67.5%)
12 (15.5%)
7 (9%)
1 (1%)
5 (6.5%)
Lymphovascular invasion0.26
Present
Absent
34 (63%)
20 (37%)
56 (73%)
21 (27%)
Grade0.17
1
2
3
5 (9%)
25 (46%)
24 (44%)
11 (14%)
23 (30%)
43 (56%)
Grade of invasion0.23
< 50%
≥ 50%
12 (22%)
42 (78%)
10 (13%)
67 (87%)

All patients underwent surgery (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic lymph node dissection), followed by 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy at 4-6 weeks and completed EBRT. One hundred twenty-seven patients (96.9%) received brachytherapy. The mean time from surgery to EBRT was 212.4 days, with a standard deviation of 103.5 days. From surgery to brachytherapy start, the mean time was 294.9 days (σ = 145.8 days), and from surgery to brachytherapy end, the mean time was 299.3 days (σ = 145.9 days). The EBRT dose ranged from 45 Gy to 50.4 Gy, with a mean of 49.6 Gy, and the brachytherapy dose ranged from 12 Gy to 30 Gy, with a mean of 14.7 Gy. Treatment characteristics are summarized in Table 2. The cumulative incidence of failure percentages was tied between LRF and DF (19% each). LF was less common (6.1%). Median survival was 33.4 months for the entire population, and median follow-up was 1521 days. The cumulative incidence of LF for patients was divided between those whose time interval between surgery and EBRT start was up to 180 days or more [Figure 2] and was not statistically significant (P = 0.429). LRF was also divided between those patients whose time between surgery and EBRT start was up to 180 days or more. In this case, HR was 3.55, which was deemed statistically significant (P = 0.013) [Figure 3]. DF by days between surgery and EBRT start had a low HR (0.91) and was not statistically significant (0.806) [Figure 4]. No difference in OS was demonstrated between the groups (P = 0.87) [Figure 5].

Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer

Figure 2. Cumulative incidence of local failure by days between surgery and EBRT start (< 180 days vs. > 180 days).

Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer

Figure 3. Cumulative incidence of locoregional failure by days between surgery and EBRT start (< 180 days vs. > 180 days).

Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer

Figure 4. Cumulative incidence of distant failure by days between surgery and EBRT start (< 180 days vs. > 180 days).

Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer

Figure 5. Overall survival (< 180 days vs. > 180 days).

Table 2

Treatment characteristics n = 131

Treatment
Surgery131100%
Chemotherapy131100%
EBRT
Start131100%
Complete131100%
Brachytherapy
Start127100%
Complete127100%
Time between treatments
TreatmentMean (days)Standard deviation (days)Median (days)
Surgery-EBRT start212.4103.5219
Surgery-Brachytherapy start294.9145.8301
Surgery-Brachytherapy end299.3145.9304
Dose
TreatmentMean (Gy)Range (Gy)
EBRT49.6[45, 50.4]
Brachytherapy14.7[12, 30]

DISCUSSION

High-risk endometrial cancer has a higher risk of local, regional, and distant failure. Hence, it is associated with a higher number of cancer-related deaths. Because of this, the role of multimodal adjuvant therapy has been studied[11]. Hogberg et al. analyzed two clinical trials (NSGO-EC-9501/EORTC-55991 and MaNGO ILIADE-III) with 534 patients (19.8% with stage III, 49% with grade 3, and 28% with non-endometrioid), 267 of whom received EBRT and 267 of whom received EBRT and sequential chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting[12]. Vaginal brachytherapy was added in the case of cervical stromal involvement.

Although chemotherapy is the main adjuvant strategy for high-risk endometrial cancer as per the GOG-258 trial, an unacceptable risk of locoregional recurrence was proven in patients treated with chemotherapy alone vs. the combined modality (vaginal 7% vs. 2%, pelvic/paraaortic 22% vs. 11%). Given that locoregional recurrences can undergo salvage treatment in a small percentage of patients, and given the morbidity this represents, we believe a combined sequential modality as adjuvant treatment is necessary to prevent locoregional relapses, as a sequential strategy improved cancer-specific survival in a combined analysis of NSGO-EC-9501/EORTC-55991 and MaNGO ILIADE-III without a significant increase in the incidence of adverse grade 3-5 effects compared to EBRT alone (63% vs. 58%)[12,13].

In the NSGO/EORTC trial, the combined modality therapy was superior in terms of progression-free survival (PFS; HR 0.64 [95%CI: 0.41-0.99], P = 0.04). However, MaNGO found a nonsignificant difference in PFS (HR 0.61 [0.33-1.12], P = 0.10). Both trials showed a significant improvement in cancer-specific survival (P = 0.01) and PFS (P = 0.009) and a trend toward significance in improvement in OS (P = 0.07), favoring the chemotherapy and sequential radiotherapy group[12]. Therefore, the previous data suggest that combined adjuvant treatment reduces the rates of regional and distant failure.

The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with endometrial cancer has been demonstrated in the presence of factors correlated with a higher risk of pelvic recurrences, such as nodal involvement, high-grade endometrial histology, > 50% depth of myometrial invasion, extrauterine extension, and non-endometrial histology[14]. According to Luo et al., postoperative EBRT improved disease-free survival by decreasing by 5% the rate of vaginal recurrences compared with observation[15].

Overall, adjuvant treatment delays in patients with endometrial cancer are associated with socioeconomic status and lack of public awareness of the signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Moreover, it has been reported that there is little awareness among general practitioners of symptoms associated with endometrial cancer, conditioning delays in the timely referral of these patients[16,17].

It has been reported that the type of surgery (robotic, laparoscopic, laparotomy), multidisciplinary boards, and the type of center influence the time of EBRT start and influence oncological outcomes[18]; the time until the start of EBRT could represent quality criteria for endometrial cancer care for institutions[19]. Also, racial differences and type of health service (private, public) may influence time-to-treatment intervals, with Hispanic and African American women having longer delays than Caucasian women[15,20].

The time interval from surgery to radiotherapy in patients with early-stage endometrial cancer is a prognostic factor for OS. Luo et al. analyzed 349,404 patients with primary uterine carcinoma and reported that a time interval less than or equal to 86 days is associated with better OS compared to more than 86 days (P < 0.0001), although they analyzed patients with early-stage endometrial cancer, and stage II and non-endometrial histology patients were included[15]. Neron et al. reported the impact of time to radiotherapy as a prognostic factor in endometrial cancer and found that a time interval of < 8 weeks is associated with a trend toward a decrease in the local recurrence rate, with no impact on OS, metastasis-free survival, or event-free survival[19]. Fifty-six patients (17%) had chemotherapy concomitantly, but patients who had adjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy were excluded[19]. However, the time interval between radiotherapy after surgery has been poorly studied in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer.

The present study analyzed the implication of delaying adjuvant EBRT < 180 vs. >180 days in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer who have received 4 to 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. This treatment strategy is used in many public centers in low- and middle-income countries as a bridge to mitigate the time between surgery and EBRT plus or minus brachytherapy. It is interesting that our results showed similar rates of DF (19%) compared to the literature and similar rates of LRF (19%) and LF (10.7%) compared to the GOG-258 trial[13], which included patients with FIGO III-IVA and I-II with non-endometrial histology who received either adjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. Nonetheless, the rates of LF and LRF were higher compared to some previous series as described in PORTEC-3, which reported 5-year failure-free survival of 75.5% (70.3-79.9%) in the chemoradiotherapy group vs. 68.6% (63.1%-73.4%) in the radiotherapy group (HR 0.71 [0.53-0.95], P = 0.022)[21].

We believe this increase in LF and LRF could be explained by the characteristics of patients included in this study and the timing between surgery and EBRT, which is commonly seen in regions where radiotherapy is not widely available. Patients must travel long distances or move to different cities to receive radiotherapy.

One of the suggested disadvantages of receiving 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy and delaying EBRT is that this sequential approach may decrease the local control and regional control that EBRT offers. One trial conducted by Lu et al. that included 51 patients reported no significant differences between adjuvant chemoradiation given sequentially or as “sandwich” treatment in 5-year OS, local progression-free survival, or distant metastasis-free survival between the sequential and “sandwich” groups: 87% vs. 77% (P = 0.37), 89% vs. 100% (P = 0.21), and 78% vs. 85% (P = 0.79), respectively[22]. Nonetheless, another retrospective multi-institutional study with 179 stage IIIC patients found better 5-year OS (74% vs. 56%, P = 0.03) with a “sandwich” treatment strategy than a sequential approach[23].

In conclusion, in the present study of patients with high-risk endometrial cancer, delaying adjuvant EBRT after chemotherapy > 180 days was associated with an increased risk of locoregional failure but not distant failure or overall survival.

DECLARATIONS

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization, collection of data, manuscript review and editing, final approval of manuscript: Díaz-cazáres O

Collection of data, manuscript review and editing, final approval of manuscript: Olimón C, Valles A, Rodríguez J, Saavedra C, Villalvazo-Anaya A, Mirele-Ramirez MA

Review and editing, manuscript drafting, final approval of manuscript: Sanchez I, Fuentes J, Bayardo LH, Ayala-Hernández LE, Chávez AH

Manuscript review and editing, final approval of manuscript: Balderrama R

Statistical analysis, manuscript review and editing, final approval of manuscript: Ayala-Hernández LE

Conceptualization, study design, statistical analysis, manuscript review and editing, manuscript drafting, final approval of manuscript: Gutiérrez-Valencia E

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Conflicts of interest

All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Financial support and sponsorship

None.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

This retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethics board (R-2022-1301-035).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2023.

REFERENCES

1. Koskas M, Amant F, Mirza MR, Creutzberg CL. Cancer of the corpus uteri: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021;155 Suppl 1:45-60.

2. Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021;155 Suppl 1:28-44.

3. Concin N, Matias-Guiu X, Vergote I, et al. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021;31:12-39.

4. Murali R, Davidson B, Fadare O, et al. High-grade endometrial carcinomas: morphologic and immunohistochemical features, diagnostic challenges and recommendations. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2019;38 Suppl 1:S40-63.

5. Brooks RA, Fleming GF, Lastra RR, et al. Current recommendations and recent progress in endometrial cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:258-79.

6. Bendifallah S, Ilenko A, Daraï E. High risk endometrial cancer: clues towards a revision of the therapeutic paradigm. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019;48:863-71.

7. Randall ME, Filiaci V, McMeekin DS, et al. Phase III trial: adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy versus vaginal brachytherapy plus paclitaxel/carboplatin in high-intermediate and high-risk early stage endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1810-8.

8. Nout RA, Smit VT, Putter H, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet 2010;375:816-23.

9. Homesley HD, Filiaci V, Gibbons SK, et al. A randomized phase III trial in advanced endometrial carcinoma of surgery and volume directed radiation followed by cisplatin and doxorubicin with or without paclitaxel: a gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 2009;112:543-52.

10. Barton MB, Frommer M, Shafiq J. Role of radiotherapy in cancer control in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Oncol 2006;7:584-95.

11. Greven K, Winter K, Underhill K, Fontenesci J, Cooper J, Burke T. Preliminary analysis of RTOG 9708: adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy combined with cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy after surgery for patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:168-73.

12. Hogberg T, Signorelli M, de Oliveira CF, et al. Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer--results from two randomised studies. Eur J Cancer 2010;46:2422-31.

13. Matei D, Filiaci V, Randall ME, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy plus radiation for locally advanced endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med 2019;380:2317-26.

14. Tung HJ, Huang HJ, Lai CH. Adjuvant and post-surgical treatment in endometrial cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2022;78:52-63.

15. Luo L, Shi W, Zhigang Z, Kollmeier M, Alektiar K, Tsai C. Association of delayed adjuvant therapy and overall survival in early stage endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017;99:E301.

16. Coleman MP, Forman D, Bryant H, et al. Cancer survival in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the UK, 1995-2007 (the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership): an analysis of population-based cancer registry data. Lancet 2011;377:127-38.

17. Johnson N, Miles T, Bailey D, et al. Delays in treating endometrial cancer in the South West of England. Br J Cancer 2011;104:1836-9.

18. Cattaneo R 2nd, Hanna RK, Jacobsen G, Elshaikh MA. Interval between hysterectomy and start of radiation treatment is predictive of recurrence in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;88:866-71.

19. Neron M, Lambaudie E, Thezenas S, et al. Impact of time to radiation therapy in adjuvant settings in endometrial carcinoma: a multicentric retrospective study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020;247:121-6.

20. Dolly D, Mihai A, Rimel BJ, et al. A delay from diagnosis to treatment is associated with a decreased overall survival for patients with endometrial cancer. Front Oncol 2016;6:31.

21. de Boer SM, Powell ME, Mileshkin L, et al. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in women with high-risk endometrial cancer (PORTEC-3): patterns of recurrence and post-hoc survival analysis of a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:1273-85.

22. Lu SM, Chang-Halpenny C, Hwang-Graziano J. Sequential versus “sandwich” sequencing of adjuvant chemoradiation for the treatment of stage III uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2015;137:28-33.

23. Onal C, Sari SY, Yildirim BA, et al. A multi-institutional analysis of sequential versus “sandwich” adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for stage IIIC endometrial carcinoma. J Gynecol Oncol 2019;30:e28.

Cite This Article

Export citation file: BibTeX | RIS

OAE Style

Díaz-cazáres O, Olimón C, Valles A, Sánchez I, Balderrama R, Fuentes J, Rodríguez J, Saavedra C, Ayala-Hernández LE, Villalvazo-Anaya A, Mireles-Ramirez MA, Chávez AH, Bayardo LH, Gutiérrez-Valencia E. Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2023;9:13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2022.127

AMA Style

Díaz-cazáres O, Olimón C, Valles A, Sánchez I, Balderrama R, Fuentes J, Rodríguez J, Saavedra C, Ayala-Hernández LE, Villalvazo-Anaya A, Mireles-Ramirez MA, Chávez AH, Bayardo LH, Gutiérrez-Valencia E. Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment. 2023; 9: 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2022.127

Chicago/Turabian Style

Díaz-cazáres, Omar, Cipatli Olimón, Adrián Valles, Irving Sánchez, Ricardo Balderrama, Jesús Fuentes, José Rodríguez, Carlos Saavedra, Luis E. Ayala-Hernández, Alejandro Villalvazo-Anaya, Mario A. Mireles-Ramirez, Allan Hernández Chávez, Luis H. Bayardo, Enrique Gutiérrez-Valencia. 2023. "Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer" Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment. 9: 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2022.127

ACS Style

Díaz-cazáres, O.; Olimón C.; Valles A.; Sánchez I.; Balderrama R.; Fuentes J.; Rodríguez J.; Saavedra C.; Ayala-Hernández LE.; Villalvazo-Anaya A.; Mireles-Ramirez MA.; Chávez AH.; Bayardo LH.; Gutiérrez-Valencia E. Impact of timing of adjuvant radiotherapy on locoregional control in patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. J. Cancer. Metastasis. Treat. 2023, 9, 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2022.127

About This Article

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Data & Comments

Data

Views
905
Downloads
772
Citations
0
Comments
0
10

Comments

Comments must be written in English. Spam, offensive content, impersonation, and private information will not be permitted. If any comment is reported and identified as inappropriate content by OAE staff, the comment will be removed without notice. If you have any queries or need any help, please contact us at support@oaepublish.com.

0
Download PDF
Cite This Article 11 clicks
Like This Article 10 likes
Share This Article
Scan the QR code for reading!
See Updates
Contents
Figures
Related
Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment
ISSN 2454-2857 (Online) 2394-4722 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/