fig1

Figure 1. PAM-signaling network and effector functions associated with metastasis: In GB and MB, aberrant PAM signaling can promote tumor progression by over- inducing angiogenesis, EMT, cell migration and invasion, and also by inhibiting loss of adhesion associated apoptosis. PAM: PI3K/AKT/mTOR; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGFR: platelet derived growth factor receptor; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFR: insulin-like growth factor receptor; NFκB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1α; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; PI3Ks: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases; MEK: mitogen-activated ERK kinase; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: extracellular-signal regulated kinase