fig1

Figure 1. TLR ligands and TLR signaling pathways. Cell surface TLRs, including TLR-1, -2, -4, -5, -6, -10, and -11, and intracellular TLRs, including TLR-3, -7, -8, and -9, recognize their specific PAMPs to activate TLR signaling cascades.^[70] TLR: Toll-like receptor; PAMPs: pathogen associated molecular patterns