fig1

Figure 1. Working model illustrating the mechanistic interactions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Ca²⁺-channels, beta-adrenergic receptors and the IGF pathway in cancers associated with smoking and psychological stress. NNK: nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone; nAChRs: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; IGF-1R: insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; PLC: phospholipase C; AKT: protein kinase B; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA: protein kinase A