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Figure 2. Physiological and cell death responses to capecitabine pretreatment and photodynamic therapy in murine breast tumor model. Photomicrographs showing 4T1 tumor sections immunohistochemically stained for (A) E-cadherin (E-cad), a marker of differentiation; (B) Ki67, a marker of proliferation, following vehicle or capecitabine (CPBN) treatment; (C) Cell death analysis by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) labeling of apoptotic nuclei at 24 h post photodynamic therapy (PDT), following vehicle or CPBN pre-treatment. Nuclei in images shown in (A-C) were stained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); (D) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of tumor sections showing enhanced cell death at 24 h post PDT in tumors pretreated with CPBN or vehicle alone. Graphs show quantitation of changes in (E) E-cadherin signal; (F) Ki67 signal; and (G) TUNEL positive nuclei per high power field. All graphs show Mean ± SEM from multiple images (number of images shown in parentheses) from three independent experiments. P values from an unpaired two-sided t-test are shown: *P = 1.57 × 10^-11; **P = 1.20 × 10^-8; ***P = 6.02 × 10^-9