fig1

Figure 1. Isolation of CTB/AV/ST-binding EVs from liquid biopsy. Biotinylated-CTB, AV or ST is added to the liquid biopsy. These ligands, CTB, AV or ST will bind exposed membrane lipids, GM1 gangliosides, phosphatidylserines or globotriaosylceramides on the EV membrane, respectively. After binding, the ligand-bound EVs can be readily extracted using either streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and magnets, or streptavidin-coated polystyrene and membrane fifiltration. These extracted CTB/AV/ST-binding EVs can be used directly for biomarker discovery or assay. CTB: cholera toxin B; EVs: extracellular vesicles; AV: annexin V; ST: shiga toxin