fig3

Figure 3. Pharmacological targets of epicatechin-3-gallate. EGCG affects various targets relevant to cancer prevention as shown in the figure. EGCG attenuates oxidative stress by down-regulating reactive oxygen species; inflammatory factors such as NF-κB and COX-2 are down-regulated. In addition, EGCG down-regulates several kinases, such as MAPK, JNK1, and ERK, and targets several growth factors, such as IGF1R, HGFR, and VEGF, that abate tumor growth and progression. Apoptosis factors such as p53, p21 and caspase 3 are up-regulated by EGCG, and the expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), HO-1, and Nrf2 are increased to reduce oxidative stress. EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; COX: cyclooxygenase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signaling regulated kinases; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor