fig6

Figure 6. Progression of angiogenesis and the inhibitory mechanism of curcumin. Curcumin is capable of functioning through a myriad of mechanisms, but this figure illustrates down-regulation of factors involved in tumor initiation such as NF-κB, COX-2, cyclin D1, p53 and Akt/PI3k, and proliferation factors such as STAT, MAPK EGFR. The progression phase of tumorigenesis is also inhibited, for example, by alteration of VEGF expression, leading to reduced angiogenesis and metastasis. NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; COX: cyclooxygenase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase