fig4

Figure 4. Mode of action of BME in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism in oral cancer prevention. BME treatment inhibits glucose transport and pyruvate and lactate production through glycolysis by inhibiting key genes. BME also inhibits expression of key lipogenesis genes, inducing ER stress and ROS-mediated cell death. Sharp arrow: Activation/induction; blunt arrow: inhibition. The figure is adapted from Sur et al.^[47], 2019. BME: Bitter melon crude extract; ROS: reactive oxygen species.