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Figure 5. Immune modulatory role of BME in preventing oral cancer. BME treatment induces T cell populations in BME-treated tumors, NK cell-mediated cytotoxic effects and decreases FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) cell population. It also inhibits pro-inflammatory molecules s100a9, interleukin 23 subunit alpha (IL23a), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) and immune checkpoint gene PDCD1 (PD1), inducing antitumor immunity.