fig5

Figure 5. Autophagy process. Cartoon showing a schematic overview of the main steps and autophagy-related proteins and regulators: (1) autophagy initiation; (2) membrane nucleation; (3) phagophore formation and expansion; and (4) autophagosome closure, fusion with lysosomes, and (5) degradation of cargo. ↑: increase; →: activation or induction; ⟂: inhibition; UVRAG: UV resistance-associated gene; ATG: autophagy-related gene