fig4

Figure 4. Probasco CM increased bone formation through bone remodeling and modeling. Calvaria were divided into two groups. One group was pre-treated with zoledronic acid (ZOL, 10^-5 M) and the other group was treated with vehicle overnight. In each pair of calvaria, a half calvarium was treated with Probasco CM or control medium. (A) Representative images of 1.5 mm calvarial disks taken from the parietal bone. Probasco CM increased bone formation and mineralization (calcein uptake) compared to control. (B) The total fluorescence intensity was quantified. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by paired t-test. Significant differences were marked with asterisks (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). (C) Frozen section of calvaria treated with control media or Probasco CM. Calcein was deposited in mineralized bone matrix on both surfaces of the calvaria. (D) H&E-stained section of calvaria. There was marked periosteal thickening and new bone formation caused by Probasco CM. CM: Conditioned medium.