fig5

Figure 5. Stimulation of bone formation by Probasco CM was dependent on the WNT signaling pathway. (A) Concentration of secreted human DKK-1 in Probasco CM and Probasco+DKK-1 CM. (B) Representative images of 1.5 mm calvarial disks from parietal bone. Probasco+DKK-1 significantly decreased bone formation. (C) The total fluorescence intensity was quantified. (D) Frozen section of calvaria treated Probasco+DKK-1 CM or Probasco CM. More calcein was deposited in the bone matrix. (E) ALP activity in calvaria treated with Probasco CM and calvaria treated with Probasco+DKK-1 CM. (F) The mRNA expression of bone-related genes in Probasco+DKK-1 CM-treated calvaria compared to Probasco CM-treated calvaria. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by paired t-test. Significant differences were marked with asterisks (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01), ***P < 0.001).