fig5

Figure 5. Promising pharmacologic therapies targeting mitochondrial pathways to ameliorate metabolic heart disease, aging, and heart failure. GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activators 1α; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NRF1/2: nuclear respiratory factor 1/2; TFAM: mitochondrial transcription factor A; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; PKG: protein kinase G; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; sGC: soluble guanylyl cyclase; GTP: Guanosine triphosphate. See Section “Mitochondria as therapeutic targets in heart disease” for further details.