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Figure 2. lncRNAs regulate transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes important in modulating gene expression. (A) Depicts the number of interactions lncRNAs have with other ncRNAs to modulate the ceRNA network. Specifically, lncRNAs can interact with miRNA recruiting these small RNAs from cognate mRNA targets. miRNAs can also compete for lncRNA or mRNA target binding depending upon the respective transcript abundance. Finally, lncRNAs can alter the stability of mRNAs either by recruiting RBPs such as HuR, or by preventing miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation; (B) represents a number of interactions that modulates the chromatin-architecture, such as MALAT1 regulation of the PRC1 complex that can modulate the euchromatin state. Additionally, XIST can recruit PRC2 to chromatin sites that preclude RNAPII chromatin binding. Finally, lncRNA ROR sponge histone methyltransferases away from heterochromatic regions, promoting transcription and (C) depicts a special chromatin modulation termed "chromosomal looping" which brings seemingly distance chromosomal regions into proximity for transcriptional control under cis-regulatory interactions. Chromosomal looping also favors additional chromatin modifications to occur at specific genomic locations. Parts of figure are adapted from Long et al.^[66], with permission